96127 CPT code

96127 CPT code is one of several CPT codes used by mental health professionals. These codes are integral to the healthcare industry, providing a standardized system to categorize and communicate medical, surgical, and diagnostic services. These codes are essential for accurate billing, efficient communication with insurance companies, and patient care documentation.

Summary

• CPT 96127 is used for brief emotional and behavioral assessments, helping clinicians screen for conditions like depression, anxiety, and ADHD.

• Proper use of CPT 96127 ensures mental health professionals receive fair compensation for screenings while maintaining compliance with healthcare regulations. Enrolling in an insurance billing course may help therapists understand the process better.

• The code applies across various healthcare settings, including primary care, mental health clinics, and pediatric evaluations, allowing early detection and intervention.

• Using electronic health records (EHR) like Theraplatform and integrated billing software can streamline the insurance billing process for therapists by automating and batching painful admin tasks such as invoicing, claim submissions and payment tracking.

• Future trends in CPT 96127 may include AI-driven screening tools, and potential updates to CPT codes will continue to shape the landscape of mental health billing.

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Among the many CPT codes used in healthcare, 96127 CPT code is a significant but sometimes misunderstood code for mental health professionals.

We will delve into the specifics of CPT 96127, explaining what it is, how it has developed over time, and why it matters for those working in mental health. A thorough understanding of this code can help practitioners improve billing accuracy, ensure proper reimbursement, and maintain compliance with healthcare regulations.

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What is the 96127 CPT code?

96127 CPT code is a procedural code that reports brief emotional and behavioral assessments. These assessments screen for mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other behavioral health concerns. The application of CPT 96127 allows mental health professionals to bill for the time and resources spent administering and interpreting these screening tools, which are often short but highly effective.

Historical context and development

The emergence of the 96127 CPT code is tied to the growing recognition of mental health's role in overall well-being. Over the years, as mental health awareness has increased, so too has the need for efficient and reliable screening methods.

The 96127 CPT code was introduced to address the need for quick, routine screenings that could be integrated into standard healthcare practices. Understanding the historical development of this code helps professionals appreciate its value in modern mental health care, where early detection and intervention are essential.

Key features of 96127 CPT code

The primary features of the 96127 CPT code include its broad applicability across different age groups, its focus on brief assessments, and its role in facilitating the early identification of mental health concerns. This code is used in various settings, from primary care to specialized mental health practices, making it a versatile tool in the clinician's repertoire.

By utilizing the 96127 CPT code, healthcare providers will be fairly compensated for the critical work of screening for mental health issues. This, in turn, supports the early intervention and treatment of conditions that might otherwise go unnoticed.

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When to Use CPT Code 96127

CPT Code 96127 is a versatile tool that can enhance mental health care in various clinical scenarios. By using brief, standardized assessments, therapists can efficiently screen for emotional and behavioral concerns, monitor progress, and tailor treatment plans to meet their clients’ needs.

Screening scenarios

Initial assessments

When a client begins therapy, it’s crucial to establish a baseline understanding of their mental health status. Brief assessments administered during the initial evaluation can provide a snapshot of the client’s emotional and behavioral state, helping the therapist identify key areas of concern.

For example, a therapist conducting an intake session with a new client who reports symptoms of anxiety might use the GAD-7 to assess the severity of their symptoms. The results can guide the therapist in developing a personalized treatment plan, such as incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques or exploring the need for further evaluation.

Initial assessments are also valuable in multidisciplinary settings. For instance, a primary care provider might use a brief depression screening tool like the PHQ-9 during a routine physical exam. If the results indicate significant depressive symptoms, the provider can refer the patient to a mental health specialist for further evaluation and treatment.

Routine mental health check-ins

Regular mental health check-ins are an essential part of ongoing therapy. During these sessions, therapists can use brief assessments to monitor a client’s progress and identify any emerging concerns. For example, a therapist working with a client who has been treated for depression might administer the PHQ-9 periodically to track changes in symptom severity. If the client’s scores indicate worsening symptoms, the therapist can adjust the treatment plan accordingly, such as by introducing new interventions or referring the client to a psychiatrist for medication evaluation.

Routine screenings are also valuable in preventive care. For instance, a school counselor might use brief behavioral assessments during annual check-ins to identify students who may be at risk for anxiety or depression. Early identification allows for timely intervention, potentially preventing more severe issues down the line.

Ongoing therapy

Periodic screenings during ongoing therapy sessions can help therapists track symptom changes and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. For example, a therapist working with a client diagnosed with ADHD might use the Vanderbilt ADHD Scale regularly to monitor the client’s progress. If the results show improvement, the therapist can reinforce successful strategies. If symptoms persist or worsen, the therapist might explore alternative approaches or consider a referral for medication management.

Ongoing assessments are particularly useful in cases where clients have complex or fluctuating symptoms. For instance, a client with bipolar disorder might experience periods of stability followed by episodes of depression or mania. Regular screenings can help the therapist detect these shifts early and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

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Specific applications of 96127 CPT code in mental health

Therapists use the 96127 CPT code when brief emotional or behavioral assessments are necessary. Clinicians administer these assessments during routine healthcare visits, including primary care checkups, mental health evaluations, and follow-up appointments. The code is especially beneficial in settings where mental health concerns might not be the primary focus but where early detection and intervention can significantly impact patient outcomes.

Brief emotional/behavioral assessment

The primary purpose of the 96127 CPT code is to report brief emotional and behavioral assessments. These assessments are designed to be quick, usually taking only a few minutes to complete, yet they are highly effective in identifying potential mental health issues. They serve as an initial screening tool that can trigger further evaluation if the results indicate a need for more in-depth analysis.

In mental health practice, these brief assessments are invaluable for identifying conditions such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, and other behavioral health concerns. Using the 96127 CPT code, practitioners can incorporate these screenings into their regular practice without requiring additional time or resources.

Screening for mental health conditions

CPT 96127 covers the administration of validated screening tools that help identify symptoms of conditions like depression, anxiety, and ADHD. Screening under CPT 96127 is an essential first step in the diagnostic process, allowing mental health professionals to detect issues early and develop appropriate treatment plans.

These screenings are particularly beneficial because they:

• Provide a structured way to assess mental health symptoms.

• Help in identifying patients who may not otherwise disclose their mental health struggles.

• Allow for the early detection of conditions, leading to timely intervention.

• Offer a standardized method for documenting and billing for these assessments.

Examples of tools and instruments used under the 96127 CPT code

Several tools and instruments are commonly used under CPT 96127 to conduct these brief assessments. Each tool is designed to measure specific aspects of mental health, providing valuable insights into the patient's emotional and behavioral state.

• Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) The PHQ-9 is a widely used tool for screening, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring the severity of depression. It consists of nine questions that assess the frequency of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks. The PHQ-9's simplicity and reliability make it a popular choice for mental health professionals using CPT 96127.

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale The GAD-7 is a brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. It includes seven items that focus on the core symptoms of anxiety, such as nervousness, worry, and restlessness. The GAD-7 is an effective tool for identifying anxiety levels and determining whether further evaluation or treatment is necessary.

• Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale The Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale is commonly used in pediatric and adolescent settings to screen for ADHD symptoms. This scale includes assessments from both parents and teachers, providing a comprehensive view of the child's behavior in different environments. Using CPT 96127 to bill for this assessment allows healthcare providers to integrate ADHD screening into their practice efficiently.

Other tools

Depending on the client’s needs, therapists may also use other validated screening tools, such as:

• Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): A self-report questionnaire that assesses the severity of depression.

• Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ): A screening tool for bipolar disorder.

These tools are designed to be user-friendly and time-efficient, allowing therapists to gather valuable information without disrupting the flow of a session. A large list of assessments and screeners can be found at Psychological Test List - AssessmentPsychology.com for further resources. Additionally, there is an extensive list compiled at Researchgate.

These tools are instrumental in early identification and intervention, enabling mental health professionals to provide targeted care that addresses their patients' specific needs.

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Why these tools are ideal for clinical settings

The screening tools associated with CPT Code 96127 are specifically designed for use in busy clinical environments.

They are:

• Brief: Most tools can be completed in just a few minutes, making them easy to incorporate into routine sessions.

• Standardized: The tools are evidence-based and validated, ensuring reliable and clinically relevant results.

• Versatile: They can be used with clients of different ages and backgrounds, making them suitable for a wide range of clinical settings.

• Actionable: The results provide clear, actionable insights that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and referrals.

By integrating these tools into their practice, therapists can enhance the quality of care they provide while also meeting billing and documentation requirements.

Conducting brief assessments

Step-by-step process for administering brief emotional/behavioral assessments

The steps typically include:

• Selecting the appropriate screening tool (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7).

• Explain the assessment's purpose and process to the patient.

• Administering the assessment in a manner that ensures patient comfort and understanding.

• Scoring the assessment immediately to discuss the results with the patient.

Duration and frequency considerations

Brief assessments should take only a few minutes to complete, making them ideal for integration into routine visits. While there are no strict guidelines on how often therapists should administer these tests, they are used during initial visits, follow-up appointments, and when there is a significant change in the patient's condition. Occurs

Interpreting assessment results

Interpreting the results involves reviewing the scores and determining if they indicate a potential mental health issue. For example, a high score on the PHQ-9 might suggest depression, prompting further evaluation or immediate intervention.

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Communicating findings with patients and caregivers

Communicating the results clearly and compassionately to patients and caregivers is essential. Discuss what the scores mean, their implications for the patient's health, and the next steps in their care plan.

Developing intervention plans based on brief assessment outcomes

Based on the assessment results, mental health professionals can develop intervention plans that include further diagnostic evaluations, referrals to specialists, or initiating a treatment plan. Documenting and discussing these plans with the patient ensures a collaborative approach to their care.

Who can use the 96127 CPT code

CPT Code 96127 is a versatile tool that a wide range of qualified healthcare professionals can use.

This includes:

• Licensed Therapists: Professionals such as Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFTs) can use this code to bill for brief assessments.

• Psychologists: Clinical psychologists and other psychology professionals are authorized to use CPT Code 96127 in their practice.

• Clinical Social Workers: Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs) can also administer and bill for these assessments.

• Psychiatrists: Medical doctors specializing in mental health can use this code, particularly in conjunction with medication management.

• Other Mental Health Providers: This may include nurse practitioners, behavioral health specialists, and other professionals trained in mental health care.

The code is applicable across a variety of settings, making it a valuable resource for mental health professionals in different contexts.

These settings include:

• Private practices: Therapists in private practice can use CPT Code 96127 to bill for brief assessments conducted during sessions.

• Clinics: Mental health clinics, including community health centers, can incorporate these assessments into their standard procedures.

• Hospitals: Inpatient and outpatient mental health services in hospitals can use this code to document brief assessments.

• Schools: School counselors and psychologists can use CPT Code 96127 to screen students for emotional or behavioral concerns.

The broad use of CPT Code 96127 underscores its importance as a tool for mental health professionals. By standardizing the process of administering and scoring brief assessments, the code helps ensure that therapists are compensated for their work while also promoting the use of evidence-based practices in mental health care.

Billing and documentation requirements for 96127 CPT code

Adhering to the specific guidelines that ensure accurate reimbursement is crucial. When billing for the 96127 CPT code, therapists should use this code to report brief emotional and behavioral assessments, typically administered during a routine visit.

Documenting the specific tool used (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7) and ensuring the assessment is brief is essential, as the code only applies to more comprehensive evaluations.

To bill correctly, mental health professionals should:

• Ensure the assessment is completed and interpreted during the visit.

• Use appropriate diagnosis codes that correspond to the symptoms being screened.

Documentation standards and best practices for 96127 CPT code

Proper documentation is key to compliance and successful billing when using CPT. The documentation should include the name of the assessment tool, the patient's responses, the score or results, and a brief interpretation of those results. Additionally, notes should reflect any follow-up actions or referrals based on the assessment.

Best practices for documentation include:

• Keeping records clear, concise, and directly related to the patient's care.

• Documenting the clinical relevance of the assessment in the context of the patient's visit.

• Regularly updating templates and notes to reflect the most current coding guidelines.

Common pitfalls and how to avoid them

One common mistake is using the 96127 CPT code for assessments that are too comprehensive or time-consuming. Another pitfall is insufficient documentation, which can lead to claim denials.

To avoid these issues:

• Confirm that the assessments are brief and align with the intended use of the 96127 CPT code.

• Ensure thorough and accurate documentation of the assessment and its results.

• Regularly review billing practices and update them according to the latest guidelines.

Tips for 96127 CPT code for insurance and reimbursement

Understanding insurance policies and reimbursement processes is critical when using the 96127 CPT code. Coverage for this code can vary depending on the payer, so it's crucial to verify benefits and obtain prior authorization if needed.

Reimbursement rates can also differ, so mental health practices should:

• Verify with insurance companies whether they cover 96127 CPT code and under what conditions.

• Ensure that billing practices align with each payer's specific requirements.

• Track claims and address denials promptly by providing additional documentation if necessary.

Real-world scenarios demonstrating the use of CPT 96127

CPT 96127 is widely used in various clinical settings to identify potential mental health concerns early on.

For instance, in a primary care setting, a patient presenting with vague symptoms such as fatigue and irritability may be administered the PHQ-9 to screen for depression. The assessment reveals moderate depressive symptoms, prompting the physician to refer the patient to a mental health specialist. This early detection, facilitated by CPT code 96127, allows timely intervention and support.

Case studies highlighting best practices in brief emotional/behavioral assessment

A 10-year-old child exhibits signs of inattention and hyperactivity at school in a pediatric clinic. The clinician uses the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale, billing under the 96127 CPT code. The assessment, which includes input from both the child's parents and teachers, indicates a high likelihood of ADHD.

The clinician discusses the findings with the family and recommends a comprehensive evaluation by a child psychiatrist. This case demonstrates best practices using the 96127 CPT code to guide further diagnostic workup and ensure that the child receives appropriate care.

Documentation requirements for CPT code 96127

What to include

Proper documentation is necessary when using CPT code 96127.

Therapists should include the following information in their client records:

• Name of the screening Tool: Specify which tool was used (e.g., PHQ-9, GAD-7).

• Date of administration: Record the date the assessment was completed.

• Results summary: Document the client’s scores and any relevant interpretations.

• Clinical relevance. Therapists must also justify the use of the screening tool in relation to the client’s presenting concerns or diagnosis. For example, if a client reports symptoms of depression, the therapist should explain why the PHQ-9 was administered and how the results will inform treatment.

Billing guidelines for the 96127 CPT code

Frequency

CPT Code 96127 is typically billed per screening tool administered. For example, if a therapist administers both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 during a session, they would bill two units of CPT Code 96127.

Reimbursement

Reimbursement rates for CPT Code 96127 vary depending on the insurance provider and the specific payer’s policies. It’s essential for therapists to verify coverage details with each client’s insurance company to avoid claim denials.

Bundling

In some cases, CPT Code 96127 can and should be bundled with other services, such as an initial evaluation or therapy session. However, depending on the payer's guidelines, it can also be billed separately. Therapists should familiarize themselves with the specific rules of each insurance provider to ensure accurate billing.

Common considerations

Age-appropriate Tools

It’s essential to select screening tools appropriate for the client’s age and developmental level. For example, the Vanderbilt ADHD Scale is specifically designed for children, while the PHQ-9 is suitable for adults. Using age-appropriate tools ensures accurate and meaningful results.

Follow-up

The results of brief assessments should be used to guide therapy planning or referrals for further evaluation. For instance, if a client scores high on the GAD-7, the therapist may consider incorporating anxiety-focused interventions into the treatment plan or referring the client to a psychiatrist for medication management.

Analysis of successful outcomes from using the 96127 CPT code

In another example, a general practitioner screens all new adult patients with GAD-7 during routine checkups. For one patient, the assessment identified severe anxiety symptoms that had previously gone unnoticed. The practitioner immediately initiates a treatment plan, including counseling and medication. Follow-up assessments, again using the 96127 CPT code, show a significant reduction in anxiety symptoms over six months, illustrating the effectiveness of routine screenings in improving patient outcomes.

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Ethical and professional considerations

Ethical practice is paramount when conducting brief emotional or behavioral assessments. Mental health professionals must ensure that the assessments are used appropriately and that their application aligns with the patient's best interests. This involves selecting the right tool for the specific context and ensuring that the results are used to inform meaningful clinical decisions.

Maintaining patient confidentiality

Confidentiality is always a primary concern when dealing with sensitive mental health information. Professionals must ensure that all assessment results are securely stored and only shared with those directly involved in the patient's care. Adhering to HIPAA guidelines and other relevant privacy laws is crucial to maintaining trust and protecting patient information.

Informed consent and communication with patients

Obtaining informed consent is essential before administering any assessment under CPT 96127. Therapists should fully inform clients about the purpose of the evaluation, how it will be used, and any potential outcomes. Clear communication ensures that patients are comfortable with the process and understand the relevance of the assessment to their overall care.

Addressing potential biases in assessment and interpretation

Assessments must be conducted and interpreted without bias. Mental health professionals should be aware of any personal or systemic biases that could influence the interpretation of results. Using validated tools and adhering to standardized scoring criteria can help mitigate these risks, ensuring all patients receive fair and equitable care.

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Challenges and limitations using the 96127 CPT code

One of the most common challenges in using CPT 96127 is ensuring that assessments are appropriately brief and relevant to the patient's condition. Another is integrating these assessments into a busy clinical workflow without disrupting the overall pace of care.

Limitations of specific brief assessment tools

Each assessment tool has its limitations. For example, while the PHQ-9 is effective for identifying depression, it may not capture all the nuances of a patient's mental health condition. Similarly, tools like the GAD-7 are specific to anxiety and might not be suitable for identifying other mental health issues, necessitating the use of multiple tools for a comprehensive evaluation.

Strategies to overcome challenges and limitations of the 96127 CPT code

To overcome these challenges, mental health professionals should receive ongoing training on using CPT 96127 and the specific tools it encompasses.

Incorporating these assessments into standard operating procedures can also ensure consistency. Additionally, using a combination of brief assessment tools can provide a more holistic view of the patient's mental health, thereby improving the accuracy and relevance of the results.

Future trends and developments

Emerging research and advancements in brief emotional/behavioral Assessment

The brief emotional and behavioral assessment field is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research focused on improving these tools' accuracy, reliability, and scope. Emerging studies are exploring the use of more comprehensive screening instruments that can simultaneously assess multiple mental health conditions, reducing the need for various assessments and improving efficiency in clinical practice.

Additionally, research examines how cultural, linguistic, and demographic factors impact the effectiveness of current assessment tools. This leads to developing more inclusive and adaptive screening methods that better serve diverse populations.

As mental health professionals prioritize early detection and intervention, these advancements will play a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of brief assessments, including those billed under the 96127 CPT code.

Potential updates to the 96127 CPT code

As the healthcare landscape evolves, updates to the 96127 CPT code and related codes may be on the horizon. The American Medical Association (AMA) regularly reviews and revises CPT codes to reflect changes in medical practice, technology, and evidence-based guidelines.

Future updates could include:

• Expanded definitions.

• New assessment tools are eligible for billing under CPT 96127.

• The introduction of new codes that cater to specific mental health conditions.

These updates align with field advancements, ensuring mental health professionals have access to the most current and effective billing practices. Staying informed about these changes will be essential for practitioners to maintain compliance and maximize reimbursement opportunities.

The role of technology in enhancing assessment accuracy and efficiency

Technology is poised to revolutionize brief emotional and behavioral assessments, making them more accessible, accurate, and efficient. Digital assessment tools and mobile apps are becoming increasingly popular, allowing patients to complete screenings on their devices before or during their appointments. These tools can automatically score assessments and integrate results into Electronic Health Records (EHRs), streamlining the documentation process and reducing administrative burden.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are also being explored as ways to improve assessment predictive accuracy. These technologies can analyze large datasets to identify patterns and correlations that may not be apparent in traditional assessments, leading to earlier and more precise diagnoses. As these innovations continue to develop, they will likely enhance the utility of the 96127 CPT code in clinical practice.

96127 CPT code plays an important role in mental health practice by enabling professionals to conduct brief yet effective emotional and behavioral health assessments. These assessments are crucial for the early detection of mental health conditions, allowing for timely intervention and improving patient outcomes. By correctly understanding how to use and document CPT 96127, practitioners can enhance the quality of care they provide while ensuring compliance with billing standards.

Incorporating the 96127 CPT code into routine mental health practice supports the early identification of mental health issues and ensures that care is delivered in a structured, standardized manner. As the field advances, staying informed about changes to CPT 96127 and related codes will be essential for maintaining best practices.

By leveraging emerging technologies and keeping abreast of new research, mental health professionals can continue to provide high-quality care that meets the needs of their patients in an increasingly complex healthcare environment.

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How EHR and practice management software can save you time with insurance billing for therapists

EHRs with integrated billing software and clearing houses, such as TheraPlatform, offer therapists significant advantages in creating an efficient insurance billing process. The key is minimizing the amount of time dedicated to developing, sending, and tracking medical claims through features such as automation and batching.

What are automation and batching?

• Automation refers to setting up software to perform tasks with limited human interaction.

• Batching or performing administrative tasks in blocks of time at once allows you to perform a task from a single entry point with less clicking.

Which billing and medical claim tasks can be automated and batched through billing software?

• Invoices: Create multiple invoices for multiple clients with a click or two of a button or set up auto-invoice creation, and the software will automatically create invoices for you at the preferred time. You can even have the system automatically send invoices to your clients.

• Credit card processing: Charge multiple clients with a click of a button or set up auto credit card billing, and the billing software will automatically charge the card (easier than swiping!)

• Email payment reminders: Never manually send another reminder email for payment again, or skip this altogether by enabling auto credit card charges.

• Automated claim creation and submission: Batch multiple claims with one button click or turn auto claim creation and submission on.

• Live claim validation: The system reviews each claim to catch human errors before submission, saving you time and reducing rejected claims.

• Automated payment posting: Streamline posting procedures for paid medical claims with ERA. When insurance offers ERA, all their payments will post automatically on TheraPlatform's EHR.

• Tracking: Track payment and profits, including aging invoices, overdue invoices, transactions, billed services, service providers

Utilizing billing software integrated with an EHR and practice management software can make storing and sharing billing and insurance easy and save providers time regarding insurance billing for therapists.

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References

American Medical Association. (2019). CPT® overview and code approval. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/cpt/cpt-overview-and-code-approval

Article - Billing and Coding: Cognitive Assessment and Care Plan Service (A59036). (2023). https://Cms.gov .https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/article.aspx?articleid=59036&ver=13&keyword=&keywordType=starts&areaId=all&docType=6

‌Article - Billing and Coding: Psychological and Neuropsychological Testing (A57481). (2022). https://Cms.gov .https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/article.aspx?articleid=57481&ver=10&keyword=&keywordType=starts&areaId=all&docType=6

Assessment Psychology Online. (n.d.). Test list. Retrieved from https://www.assessmentpsychology.com/testlist.htm

CPT® Code 96127 - Developmental and Behavioral Screening and Testing - Codify by AAPC. (n.d.). https://Www.aapc.com .https://www.aapc.com/codes/cpt-codes/96127

Looti, M. (2023). Full list of psychological scales. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369362210_FULL_LIST_OF_PSYCHOLOGICAL_SCALES

Newman, M. W. (2022). Value added? A pragmatic analysis of the routine use of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales in primary care. General Hospital Psychiatry, 79, 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.09.005

Peters, Lila et al.(2021) Comparison of DASS-21, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 in a virtual behavioral health care setting. Heliyon, Volume 7, Issue 3, e06473

Powell AC, Bowman MB, Harbin HT. Reimbursement of Apps for Mental Health: Findings From Interviews JMIR Ment Health 2019;6(8):e14724 doi: 10.2196/14724

Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. W. (1999). Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). New York, NY: Pfizer Inc.

‌Staples, L. G., Dear, B. F., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V., Fogliati, R., Karin, E., Nielssen, O., & Titov, N. (2019). Psychometric properties and clinical utility of brief measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress: The PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6. General Hospital Psychiatry, 56, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.11.003

Villarreal-Zegarra D, Barrera-Begazo J, Otazú-Alfaro S, et alSensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9, PHQ-8, PHQ-2) and General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7, GAD-2) for depression and anxiety diagnosis: a cross-sectional study in a Peruvian hospital populationBMJ Open 2023;13:e076193. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076193